Intravitreal Injections (Anti-VEGF) for AMD & Diabetic Retinopathy

Introduction to Intravitreal Injections

Intravitreal injections are a common and highly effective treatment for retinal conditions like age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. These injections deliver medication directly into the vitreous cavity of the eye, targeting the root cause of vision loss. Over the years, they have become a standard of care, helping millions preserve and even improve their eyesight.

If you or a loved one has been recommended this treatment, you may have questions about how it works, what to expect, and its benefits. This guide will walk you through everything—from the science behind Anti-VEGF drugs to the step-by-step procedure and recovery. By the end, you’ll feel informed and confident about this sight-saving therapy.

What Are Anti-VEGF Injections?

Anti-VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) injections are medications designed to block abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage in the retina. Conditions like wet AMD and diabetic macular edema (DME) cause these vessels to form, leading to swelling, bleeding, and vision loss. Anti-VEGF drugs help stabilize or even reverse damage by inhibiting this harmful process.

Commonly used Anti-VEGF medications include:

• Ranibizumab (Lucentis) – FDA-approved for AMD and DME.
• Aflibercept (Eylea) – Used for AMD, DME, and retinal vein occlusion.
• Bevacizumab (Avastin, off-label) – A cost-effective alternative often used for similar conditions.

These drugs are administered via a quick, minimally invasive injection into the eye. While the idea of an eye injection may sound daunting, most patients tolerate it well with minimal discomfort.

Conditions Treated: AMD & Diabetic Retinopathy

Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and Diabetic Retinopathy are two leading causes of vision loss in adults. Here’s how Anti-VEGF therapy helps:

1. Wet AMD: In this advanced form of AMD, abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, leaking fluid and causing rapid central vision loss. Anti-VEGF injections slow or stop this progression, preserving remaining vision and sometimes improving clarity.

2. Diabetic Retinopathy & Macular Edema (DME): High blood sugar damages retinal blood vessels, leading to swelling (edema) and bleeding. Anti-VEGF drugs reduce leakage, preventing further vision decline. In some cases, they also help reverse existing damage.

Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial. If left untreated, these conditions can lead to permanent blindness. Regular eye exams—especially for diabetics and adults over 50—are essential for timely intervention.

How the Procedure Works: Step-by-Step

If you’re scheduled for an intravitreal injection, here’s what happens during the procedure:

1. Preparation: Your eye will be numbed with anesthetic drops to minimize discomfort. The area around the eye is cleaned to prevent infection.
2. Positioning: You’ll be seated or lying down, and a small device (speculum) may hold your eyelids open to prevent blinking.
3. Injection: Using a very fine needle, the doctor injects the Anti-VEGF medication into the vitreous gel of the eye. The process takes just a few seconds.
4. Post-Procedure: You may receive antibiotic drops to prevent infection. Most people resume normal activities the same day.

While the idea of an eye injection may sound intimidating, most patients report only mild pressure or a quick pinch. The entire visit usually takes 30-60 minutes, including prep and monitoring.

Benefits & Effectiveness of Anti-VEGF Therapy

Anti-VEGF injections have revolutionized retinal disease treatment. Key benefits include:

• Vision Stabilization: Over 90% of patients with wet AMD maintain stable vision with regular injections.
• Potential Vision Improvement: Some patients regain lost vision, especially if treated early.
• Minimal Downtime: Unlike surgery, there’s no lengthy recovery—most resume daily activities immediately.
• Prevents Further Damage: Regular treatment can halt disease progression, preserving long-term eyesight.

Studies show that consistent treatment is key. Patients who follow their injection schedule have significantly better outcomes than those who delay or skip doses.

Potential Risks & Side Effects

While generally safe, intravitreal injections carry some risks, including:

• Mild Discomfort: Temporary irritation, redness, or a gritty feeling in the eye.
• Floaters or Blurred Vision: Usually resolves within a day.
• Infection (Rare): Signs include severe pain, worsening redness, or vision loss—seek immediate care if these occur.
• Increased Eye Pressure: Temporary spikes may happen but are monitored by your doctor.

Serious complications are rare (<1% of cases). Your ophthalmologist will discuss precautions to minimize risks.

What to Expect Before, During & After the Injection

Before: Avoid eye makeup and contact lenses on the day of the procedure. Arrange for someone to drive you if you’re anxious about vision blurring.

During: You’ll feel slight pressure but no severe pain. The injection itself takes seconds.

After:

• Use prescribed antibiotic drops to prevent infection.
• Avoid rubbing your eye or swimming for a few days.
• Report severe pain, sudden vision changes, or increased redness immediately.

Most patients need multiple injections (monthly or as advised) for optimal results.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)